For most domestic connections, 60 to 90 minutes is a realistic minimum, and 2 to 3 hours is more comfortable. International connections need more time for passport control and security.
Minimum connection time vs comfortable time
Airlines publish minimum connection times for each airport. Those are the shortest legal times a booking system will sell, not the amount you will enjoy. A comfortable domestic layover is usually at least 90 minutes, and during winter or storm season more buffer helps.
International connections
If you must clear customs and immigration, allow at least two to three hours. At large airports such as Heathrow or Frankfurt, terminal changes and passport lines are slow, and a three-hour layover is normal.
One ticket vs separate tickets
If both flights are on one ticket, the airline is responsible if a delay causes you to miss the second flight. If you buy two separate tickets, a missed connection can mean buying a new ticket, so leave much longer between flights and avoid checking bags through.
Choose the hub wisely
Hubs with weather problems in winter, like Chicago or Newark, or thunderstorms in summer, like Atlanta or Dallas, can disrupt connections. Pick a connection point with good weather odds for your season where possible.
Make the layover useful
Download your boarding pass, find your next gate on the airport map when you land, and check the airline app for gate changes. For route-specific connection ideas, open any of our route guides.
Frequently asked questions
Is a 45-minute connection safe?
It is risky on busy airports or when terminals differ. Choose longer connections when you can.
What if I miss my connection on one ticket?
The airline that issued the ticket generally rebooks you at no extra cost, but the rules differ on separate tickets.
Keep reading
Last reviewed October 22, 2026. FlighTicketHub provides general information; confirm details with the airline before you travel.